Menus And toolbars
In this part of the Tkinter tutorial, we will work with menus and toolbar.A menubar is one of the most visible parts of the GUI application. It is a group of commands located in various menus. While in console applications you had to remember all those arcane commands, here we have most of the commands grouped into logical parts. There are accepted standards that further reduce the amount of time spending to learn a new application. Menus group commands that we can use in an application. Toolbars provide a quick access to the most frequently used commands.
Simple menu
The first example will show a simple menu.#!/usr/bin/pythonOur example will show a menu with one item. By selecting the exit menu item we close the application.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
ZetCode Tkinter tutorial
This program shows a simple
menu. It has one command, which
will terminate the program, when
selected.
author: Jan Bodnar
last modified: December 2010
website: www.zetcode.com
"""
from Tkinter import Tk, Frame, Menu
class Example(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.parent = parent
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.parent.title("Simple menu")
menubar = Menu(self.parent)
self.parent.config(menu=menubar)
fileMenu = Menu(menubar)
fileMenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.onExit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=fileMenu)
def onExit(self):
self.quit()
def main():
root = Tk()
root.geometry("250x150+300+300")
app = Example(root)
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
menubar = Menu(self.parent)Here we create a menubar. It is a regular
self.parent.config(menu=menubar)
Menu widget configured to be the menubar of the root window. fileMenu = Menu(menubar)We create a file menu object. A menu is a popup window containing commands.
fileMenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.onExit)We add a command to the file menu. The command will call the onExit() method.
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=fileMenu)The file menu is added to the menubar.
Figure: Simple menu
Submenu
A submenu is a menu plugged into another menu object. The next example demonstrates this.#!/usr/bin/pythonIn the example, we have three options in a submenu of a file menu. We create a separator and keyboard shortcuts.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
ZetCode Tkinter tutorial
In this script we create a submenu
a separator and keyboard shortcuts to menus.
author: Jan Bodnar
last modified: December 2010
website: www.zetcode.com
"""
from Tkinter import Tk, Frame, Menu
class Example(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.parent = parent
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.parent.title("Submenu")
menubar = Menu(self.parent)
self.parent.config(menu=menubar)
fileMenu = Menu(menubar)
submenu = Menu(fileMenu)
submenu.add_command(label="New feed")
submenu.add_command(label="Bookmarks")
submenu.add_command(label="Mail")
fileMenu.add_cascade(label='Import', menu=submenu, underline=0)
fileMenu.add_separator()
fileMenu.add_command(label="Exit", underline=0, command=self.onExit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", underline=0, menu=fileMenu)
def onExit(self):
self.quit()
def main():
root = Tk()
root.geometry("250x150+300+300")
app = Example(root)
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
submenu = Menu(fileMenu)We have a submenu with three commands. The submenu is a regular menu.
submenu.add_command(label="New feed")
submenu.add_command(label="Bookmarks")
submenu.add_command(label="Mail")
fileMenu.add_cascade(label='Import', menu=submenu, underline=0)By adding the menu to the fileMenu and not to the menubar, we create a submenu. The underline parameter creates a keyboard shortcut. We provide a character position, which should be underlined. In our case it is the first. Positions start from zero. When we click on the File menu, a popup window is shown. The Import menu has one character underlined. We can select it either with the mouse pointer, or with the Alt + I shortcut.
fileMenu.add_separator()A separator is a horizontal line that visually separates the menu commands. This way we can group items into some logical places.
Figure: Submenu
Popup menu
In the next example, we create a popup menu. Popup menu is also called a context menu. It can be shown anywhere on the client area of a window.#!/usr/bin/pythonIn our example, we create a popup menu with two commands.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
ZetCode Tkinter tutorial
In this program, we create
a popup menu.
author: Jan Bodnar
last modified: December 2010
website: www.zetcode.com
"""
from Tkinter import Tk, Frame, Menu
class Example(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.parent = parent
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.parent.title("Popup menu")
self.menu = Menu(self.parent, tearoff=0)
self.menu.add_command(label="Beep", command=self.bell())
self.menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.onExit)
self.parent.bind("<Button-3>", self.showMenu)
self.pack()
def showMenu(self, e):
self.menu.post(e.x_root, e.y_root)
def onExit(self):
self.quit()
def main():
root = Tk()
root.geometry("250x150+300+300")
app = Example(root)
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
self.menu = Menu(self.parent, tearoff=0)A context menu is a regular
Menu widget. The tearoff feature is turned off. Now it is not possible to separate the menu into a new toplevel window. self.parent.bind("<Button-3>", self.showMenu)
We bind the <Button-3> event to the showMenu() method. The event is generated when we right click on the client area of the window. def showMenu(self, e):The showMenu() method shows the context menu. The popup menu is shown at the x, y coordinates of the mouse click.
self.menu.post(e.x_root, e.y_root)
Figure: Popup menu
Toolbar
Menus group commands that we can use in an application. Toolbars provide a quick access to the most frequently used commands. There is no toolbar widget in Tkinter.#!/usr/bin/pythonOur toolbar will be a frame on which we will put a button.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
ZetCode Tkinter tutorial
In this program, we create a toolbar.
author: Jan Bodnar
last modified: December 2010
website: www.zetcode.com
"""
from PIL import Image, ImageTk
from Tkinter import Tk, Frame, Menu
from Tkinter import Button, LEFT, TOP, X, FLAT, RAISED
class Example(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.parent = parent
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.parent.title("Toolbar")
menubar = Menu(self.parent)
self.fileMenu = Menu(self.parent, tearoff=0)
self.fileMenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.onExit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=self.fileMenu)
toolbar = Frame(self.parent, bd=1, relief=RAISED)
self.img = Image.open("exit.png")
eimg = ImageTk.PhotoImage(self.img)
exitButton = Button(toolbar, image=eimg, relief=FLAT,
command=self.quit)
exitButton.image = eimg
exitButton.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2)
toolbar.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)
self.parent.config(menu=menubar)
self.pack()
def onExit(self):
self.quit()
def main():
root = Tk()
root.geometry("250x150+300+300")
app = Example(root)
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
toolbar = Frame(self.parent, bd=1, relief=RAISED)A toolbar is created. It is a
Frame. We created a raised border, so that the boundaries of a toolbar are visible. self.img = Image.open("exit.png")
eimg = ImageTk.PhotoImage(self.img)
Image and a photo image for the toolbar button are created. exitButton = Button(toolbar, image=tatras, relief=FLAT,
command=self.quit)
Button widget is created. exitButton.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2)The toolbar is a frame and a frame is a container widget. We pack the button to the left side. We add some padding.
toolbar.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)The toolbar itself is packed to the top of the toplevel window. It is horizontally stretched.
Figure: Toolbar
In this part of the Tkinter tutorial, we mentioned menus and toolbars. 
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